Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises

Article Properties
Abstract
Cite
Nickerson, Raymond S. “Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises”. Review of General Psychology, vol. 2, no. 2, 1998, pp. 175-20, https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175.
Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175
Nickerson, Raymond S. “Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises”. Review of General Psychology 2, no. 2 (1998): 175-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175.
Nickerson RS. Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises. Review of General Psychology. 1998;2(2):175-220.
Journal Categories
Medicine
Internal medicine
Neurosciences
Biological psychiatry
Neuropsychiatry
Neurology
Diseases of the nervous system
Psychiatry
Philosophy
Psychology
Religion
Psychology
Refrences
Title Journal Journal Categories Citations Publication Date
Title 1988
Title 1982
New directions for methodology of social and behavioral science: Fallibel judgement in behavioral research 1980
New directions for methodology of social and behavioral science: Fallibel judgement in behavioral research 1977
New directions for methodology of social and behavioral science: Fallibel judgement in behavioral research 1977
Citations
Title Journal Journal Categories Citations Publication Date
The effect of confirmation bias and racial stereotypes on perceptions of guilt and interrogation strategy decisions

Applied Cognitive Psychology
  • Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology
  • Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology
  • Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system: Psychiatry
2024
Curiosity in news consumption

Applied Cognitive Psychology
  • Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology
  • Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology
  • Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system: Psychiatry
2024
Consulting Multiple Advisors: When It Hurts and When It Does Not Hurt the Advisor–Advisee Relationship?

Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
  • Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology
  • Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology
  • Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system: Psychiatry
2024
Cognitive profiles of strategic decision‐makers: Implications for exploration–exploitation strategies

Strategic Change
  • Social Sciences: Finance
2024
Active travel infrastructure design and implementation: Insights from behavioral science

WIREs Climate Change
  • Science: Physics: Meteorology. Climatology
  • Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Environmental sciences
  • Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Environmental sciences
  • Science: Geology
  • Social Sciences
2024
Citations Analysis
Category Category Repetition
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology845
Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system: Psychiatry717
Social Sciences579
Social Sciences: Commerce: Business363
Social Sciences: Economic theory. Demography: Economics as a science360
Social Sciences: Commerce: Business: Personnel management. Employment management228
Education: Theory and practice of education163
Medicine: Medicine (General)157
Science: Science (General)139
Social Sciences: Sociology (General)132
Science: Mathematics: Instruments and machines: Electronic computers. Computer science128
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Environmental sciences123
Language and Literature: Philology. Linguistics: Communication. Mass media121
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Philosophy (General)105
Medicine105
Medicine: Public aspects of medicine100
Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry98
Science98
Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Management. Industrial management97
Science: Biology (General): Ecology97
Technology: Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering94
Education90
Law89
Political science: Political institutions and public administration (General)83
Medicine: Medicine (General): Medical technology81
Political science81
Science: Science (General): Cybernetics: Information theory78
Social Sciences: Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology77
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources72
Technology: Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)71
Medicine: Internal medicine: Special situations and conditions: Industrial medicine. Industrial hygiene67
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources: Information resources (General)62
Science: Biology (General)57
Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system: Psychiatry: Therapeutics. Psychotherapy50
Technology: Technology (General): Industrial engineering. Management engineering: Information technology49
Social Sciences: Finance48
Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor47
Science: Mathematics: Instruments and machines: Electronic computers. Computer science: Computer software43
Science: Physics38
Science: Geology38
Technology: Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering: Electronics: Computer engineering. Computer hardware37
Technology: Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering: Electronics37
Law: Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence: Comparative law. International uniform law: Medical legislation37
Language and Literature: Philology. Linguistics36
Agriculture: Plant culture35
Education: Education (General)35
Social Sciences: Social sciences (General)34
Technology: Mechanical engineering and machinery33
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Ethics32
Science: Mathematics31
Technology: Technology (General): Industrial engineering. Management engineering31
Technology: Manufactures: Production management. Operations management29
Agriculture: Animal culture28
Science: Chemistry: Organic chemistry: Biochemistry27
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Recreation. Leisure: Sports27
Technology: Mechanical engineering and machinery: Renewable energy sources26
Education: Special aspects of education26
Social Sciences: Commerce: Business: Business communication. Including business report writing, business correspondence25
Social Sciences: Commerce: Business: Marketing. Distribution of products25
Science: Physics: Meteorology. Climatology25
Medicine: Internal medicine: Special situations and conditions: Sports medicine23
Medicine: Medicine (General): Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics23
Social Sciences: Statistics22
Technology: Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering: Telecommunication21
Social Sciences: Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform19
Technology: Hydraulic engineering: River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General)18
Social Sciences: The family. Marriage. Woman18
Science: Biology (General): Evolution17
Agriculture: Agriculture (General)17
Science: Biology (General): Genetics17
Technology: Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering: Electric apparatus and materials. Electric circuits. Electric networks17
Political science: International relations17
Medicine: Internal medicine16
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion16
Technology: Home economics: Nutrition. Foods and food supply15
Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system14
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Religions. Mythology. Rationalism14
Agriculture13
Science: Physiology13
Science: Chemistry12
Social Sciences: Transportation and communications12
Social Sciences: Commerce: Business: Accounting. Bookkeeping12
Medicine: Pathology12
Technology: Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General): Environmental engineering11
Science: Zoology11
Medicine: Therapeutics. Pharmacology11
History (General) and history of Europe: History (General)10
Medicine: Nursing10
Medicine: Medicine (General): Medical philosophy. Medical ethics9
Medicine: Internal medicine: Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens9
Social Sciences: The family. Marriage. Woman: Women. Feminism9
Technology: Chemical technology: Food processing and manufacture8
Technology: Manufactures8
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Anthropology8
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Immunologic diseases. Allergy8
Law: Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence: Comparative law. International uniform law: Commercial law8
Medicine: Surgery: Orthopedic surgery7
Medicine: Gynecology and obstetrics7
Science: Chemistry: General. Including alchemy7
Technology: Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering7
Science: Biology (General): Cytology7
Medicine: Public aspects of medicine: Toxicology. Poisons7
Medicine: Internal medicine: Special situations and conditions7
Medicine: Internal medicine: Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid7
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation7
Science: Botany: Plant ecology7
Medicine: Pediatrics7
Social Sciences: Economic theory. Demography7
Medicine: Medicine (General): Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine7
Technology: Chemical technology6
Technology: Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering: Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials6
Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Special industries and trades: Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade6
Medicine: Surgery: Anesthesiology6
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Human ecology. Anthropogeography: Settlements: Cities. Urban geography6
Social Sciences: Communities. Classes. Races: Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology6
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the respiratory system5
Agriculture: Animal culture: Veterinary medicine5
Agriculture: Forestry5
Agriculture: Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling4
Medicine: Internal medicine: Special situations and conditions: Geriatrics4
Medicine: Dentistry4
Language and Literature: Philology. Linguistics: Communication. Mass media: Oral communication. Speech4
Medicine: Ophthalmology4
Language and Literature4
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system4
Technology: Chemical technology: Biotechnology4
Medicine: Internal medicine: Infectious and parasitic diseases4
Science: Chemistry: Physical and theoretical chemistry4
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology: Consciousness. Cognition4
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases4
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Oceanography3
Technology: Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power3
General Works: History of scholarship and learning. The humanities3
Technology: Technology (General): Industrial engineering. Management engineering: Applied mathematics. Quantitative methods3
Fine Arts3
Science: Chemistry: Analytical chemistry3
Technology: Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General): Transportation engineering3
Medicine: Surgery3
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology3
Social Sciences: Communities. Classes. Races: Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology: City planning3
Science: Mathematics: Probabilities. Mathematical statistics3
Science: Astronomy2
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system2
Technology: Building construction: Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings2
Fine Arts: Architecture2
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Geography (General)2
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Folklore2
General Works2
Technology: Chemical technology: Chemical engineering2
Science: Physics: Electricity and magnetism: Electricity: Plasma physics. Ionized gases2
Fine Arts: Visual arts2
Medicine: Other systems of medicine2
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Logic2
Science: Physics: Optics. Light2
Law: Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence2
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Practical Theology2
Fine Arts: Arts in general1
Technology: Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General): Mechanics of engineering. Applied mechanics1
Technology: Technology (General): Industrial engineering. Management engineering: Management information systems1
Language and Literature: Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages1
Agriculture: Animal culture: Cattle: Dairy processing. Dairy products1
Agriculture: Animal culture: Cattle: Dairying1
Science: Physiology: Neurophysiology and neuropsychology1
Science: Botany1
Language and Literature: Literature (General): Journalism. The periodical press, etc.1
Social Sciences: Economic history and conditions1
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology1
Science: Astronomy: Astrophysics1
Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Management. Industrial management: Technological innovations. Automation1
Auxiliary sciences of history: Archaeology1
Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Labor. Work. Working class: Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand1
Language and Literature: Philology. Linguistics: Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar1
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs1
Science: Physics: Acoustics. Sound1
Medicine: Dermatology1
Science: Physics: Atomic physics. Constitution and properties of matter1
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology1
Science: Microbiology1
Music and books on Music: Music1
Technology1
Law: Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence: Comparative law. International uniform law: Public finance1
Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Economic growth, development, planning1
Science: Geology: Petrology1
Science: Geology: Mineralogy1
Technology: Chemical technology: Oils, fats, and waxes: Petroleum refining. Petroleum products1
Language and Literature: Philology. Linguistics: Computational linguistics. Natural language processing1
Law: Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence: Private international law. Conflict of laws1
Military Science1
Science: Physics: Electricity and magnetism1
Political science: Political theory1
The category Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology 845 is the most commonly referenced area in studies that cite this article. The first research to cite this article was titled The limits of probability modelling: A serendipitous tale of goldfish, transfinite numbers, and pieces of string and was published in 2000. The most recent citation comes from a 2024 study titled Thinking about Believing: Can Metacognitive Reflection Encourage Belief Updating?. This article reached its peak citation in 2022, with 357 citations. It has been cited in 1,536 different journals, 12% of which are open access. Among related journals, the SSRN Electronic Journal cited this research the most, with 70 citations. The chart below illustrates the annual citation trends for this article.
Citations used this article by year