Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions

Article Properties
Journal Categories
Medicine
Internal medicine
Neurosciences
Biological psychiatry
Neuropsychiatry
Neurology
Diseases of the nervous system
Psychiatry
Philosophy
Psychology
Religion
Psychology
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Refrences
Title Journal Journal Categories Citations Publication Date
Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Examination of Reasons for Academic Study based on the Theory of Internalization

 Japanese Psychological Research
  • Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology
  • Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology
  • Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system: Psychiatry
 113 1997
Nature and autonomy: Organizational view of social and neurobiological aspects of self-regulation in behavior and development 1997
Children who do well in school: Individual differences in perceived competence and autonomy in above-average children. Journal of Educational Psychology
  • Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology
  • Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology
  • Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system: Psychiatry
 255 1996
Internalization of biopsychosocial values by medical students: A test of self-determination theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
  • Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology
  • Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology
  • Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system: Psychiatry
 768 1996
Elements of the Competitive Situation that Affect Intrinsic Motivation

 Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
  • Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology
  • Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology
  • Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system: Psychiatry
 200 1996
Refrences Analysis
Category Category Repetition
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology38
Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system: Psychiatry19
Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry2
Education: Theory and practice of education1
Education1
Social Sciences1
The category Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology 38 is the most frequently represented among the references in this article. It primarily includes studies from Journal of Personality and Social Psychology and Journal of Personality. The chart below illustrates the number of referenced publications per year.
Refrences used by this article by year
Citations
Title Journal Journal Categories Citations Publication Date
Changements de pratiques sportives, motivations et affects durant le premier confinement en France

 Staps
  • Social Sciences: Sociology (General)
 2026
Of mice (dogs, horses, sheep) and men: A novel comparative anatomy dissection course in a United Kingdom university

 Anatomical Sciences Education
  • Education: Education (General)
  • Social Sciences
 2024
‘… They're talking to you as if they're kind of dumbing it down’: A thematic analysis of Black students' perceived reasons for the university awarding gap

 British Educational Research Journal
  • Education: Theory and practice of education
  • Education
  • Social Sciences
 2024
If you are learner‐centered and you know it, raise your hand: Perspectives on and implementation of pedagogical changes by science instructors during the COVID‐19 pandemic

 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education
  • Science: Biology (General)
  • Education: Education (General)
  • Science: Biology (General)
  • Science: Chemistry: Organic chemistry: Biochemistry
 2024
The effect of maturity learn element in Enterprise risk management and corporate social responsibility on the level of digital transformation

 Business Strategy & Development
  • Social Sciences: Commerce: Business
  • Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Environmental sciences
 2024
Citations Analysis
Category Category Repetition
Social Sciences1,638
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology1,457
Education: Theory and practice of education1,380
Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system: Psychiatry1,225
Education903
Social Sciences: Commerce: Business658
Social Sciences: Economic theory. Demography: Economics as a science563
Social Sciences: Commerce: Business: Personnel management. Employment management517
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Environmental sciences394
Science: Mathematics: Instruments and machines: Electronic computers. Computer science340
Education: Education (General)334
Medicine: Medicine (General)334
Medicine: Public aspects of medicine313
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Recreation. Leisure: Sports274
Technology: Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering264
Science: Biology (General): Ecology255
Medicine: Internal medicine: Special situations and conditions: Industrial medicine. Industrial hygiene186
Social Sciences: Sociology (General)182
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources180
Medicine: Medicine (General): Medical technology166
Science: Science (General): Cybernetics: Information theory160
Technology: Mechanical engineering and machinery: Renewable energy sources153
Technology: Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)146
Education: Special aspects of education133
Political science: Political institutions and public administration (General)132
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources: Information resources (General)131
Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry125
Technology: Technology (General): Industrial engineering. Management engineering: Information technology118
Language and Literature: Philology. Linguistics: Communication. Mass media111
Medicine108
Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Management. Industrial management107
Language and Literature: Philology. Linguistics97
Technology: Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering: Electronics96
Medicine: Internal medicine: Special situations and conditions: Sports medicine96
Medicine: Nursing86
Science: Mathematics: Instruments and machines: Electronic computers. Computer science: Computer software80
Technology: Mechanical engineering and machinery77
Technology: Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering: Electronics: Computer engineering. Computer hardware77
Science: Science (General)75
Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor72
Science66
Technology: Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering: Telecommunication56
Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system: Psychiatry: Therapeutics. Psychotherapy54
Social Sciences: Finance54
Technology: Technology (General): Industrial engineering. Management engineering53
Social Sciences: Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform47
Social Sciences: Commerce: Business: Marketing. Distribution of products46
Social Sciences: Social sciences (General)45
Social Sciences: Commerce: Business: Business communication. Including business report writing, business correspondence42
Medicine: Medicine (General): Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics41
Technology: Home economics: Nutrition. Foods and food supply40
Technology: Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering: Electric apparatus and materials. Electric circuits. Electric networks38
Social Sciences: The family. Marriage. Woman38
Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Labor. Work. Working class: Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand37
Medicine: Surgery: Orthopedic surgery37
Science: Biology (General)36
Agriculture: Agriculture (General)33
Technology: Manufactures: Production management. Operations management32
Agriculture: Plant culture32
Social Sciences: Communities. Classes. Races: Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology29
Political science29
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Human ecology. Anthropogeography: Settlements: Cities. Urban geography26
Agriculture26
Science: Chemistry25
Agriculture: Animal culture24
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Ethics24
Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system23
Science: Physics22
Medicine: Pediatrics22
Science: Physiology20
Medicine: Internal medicine: Special situations and conditions: Geriatrics19
Agriculture: Animal culture: Veterinary medicine19
Science: Mathematics19
Music and books on Music: Music19
Technology: Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General): Environmental engineering17
Science: Chemistry: General. Including alchemy17
Medicine: Internal medicine16
Technology: Chemical technology: Food processing and manufacture16
Medicine: Therapeutics. Pharmacology16
Social Sciences: Transportation and communications16
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Philosophy (General)15
Technology: Chemical technology14
Social Sciences: Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology14
Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Special industries and trades: Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade13
Language and Literature: Philology. Linguistics: Communication. Mass media: Oral communication. Speech13
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases12
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation12
Technology: Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering12
Technology: Manufactures11
Science: Chemistry: Organic chemistry: Biochemistry11
Medicine: Public aspects of medicine: Toxicology. Poisons11
Social Sciences: Communities. Classes. Races: Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology: City planning11
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology11
Technology: Building construction: Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings10
Medicine: Gynecology and obstetrics10
Medicine: Medicine (General): Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine10
Social Sciences: Commerce: Business: Industrial psychology9
Technology9
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system8
Law8
Social Sciences: Statistics8
Technology: Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering: Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials8
Science: Geology8
Science: Zoology7
Medicine: Surgery7
Medicine: Internal medicine: Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid7
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion7
Language and Literature6
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs6
Science: Human anatomy6
Science: Chemistry: Analytical chemistry6
Medicine: Internal medicine: Special situations and conditions6
Fine Arts6
Social Sciences: Economic theory. Demography6
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the respiratory system5
General Works: History of scholarship and learning. The humanities5
Technology: Chemical technology: Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.5
Science: Mathematics: Instruments and machines5
Technology: Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General): Transportation engineering5
Medicine: Other systems of medicine5
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Geography (General)5
Medicine: Internal medicine: Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens5
Science: Botany: Plant ecology5
Social Sciences: Commerce: Business: Accounting. Bookkeeping5
Medicine: Medicine (General): Medical philosophy. Medical ethics5
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system5
Technology: Chemical technology: Biotechnology4
Technology: Hydraulic engineering: River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General)4
History (General) and history of Europe: History (General)4
Language and Literature: Philology. Linguistics: Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar: Language acquisition4
Science: Natural history (General): General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution4
Technology: Home economics: Hospitality industry. Hotels, clubs, restaurants, etc. Food service4
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Anthropology4
Agriculture: Forestry4
Medicine: Dentistry4
Social Sciences: The family. Marriage. Woman: Women. Feminism4
Technology: Building construction3
Medicine: Internal medicine: Infectious and parasitic diseases3
Science: Biology (General): Genetics3
Fine Arts: Arts in general3
Science: Physics: Meteorology. Climatology3
Science: Astronomy: Astrophysics3
Agriculture: Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling3
Medicine: Otorhinolaryngology3
Science: Physiology: Neurophysiology and neuropsychology3
Fine Arts: Architecture3
Technology: Technology (General)3
Language and Literature: English language3
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Immunologic diseases. Allergy2
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Oceanography2
Law: Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence: Comparative law. International uniform law: Commercial law2
Medicine: Dermatology2
Science: Biology (General): Evolution2
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology2
Medicine: Ophthalmology2
Political science: International relations2
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Religions. Mythology. Rationalism2
Fine Arts: Drawing. Design. Illustration2
Technology: Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General): Engineering design2
Science: Botany2
Technology: Technology (General): Industrial engineering. Management engineering: Applied mathematics. Quantitative methods2
Science: Biology (General): Cytology2
Auxiliary sciences of history: Archaeology2
Science: Mathematics: Probabilities. Mathematical statistics2
Medicine: Surgery: Anesthesiology2
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Recreation. Leisure: Dancing2
Social Sciences: Commerce: Business: Vocational guidance. Career development2
Music and books on Music2
Social Sciences: Commerce: Business: Business mathematics. Commercial arithmetic. Including tables, etc.2
Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Special industries and trades: Construction industry1
Language and Literature: Literature (General)1
Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Labor. Work. Working class: Vocational rehabilitation. Employment of people with disabilities1
Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Economic growth, development, planning1
Medicine: Other systems of medicine: Mental healing1
Medicine: Other systems of medicine: Miscellaneous systems and treatments1
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Islam. Bahai Faith. Theosophy, etc.1
Technology: Photography1
Music and books on Music: Musical instruction and study1
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology1
Science: Astronomy1
Technology: Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General): Systems engineering1
Medicine: Pharmacy and materia medica1
Medicine: Pathology1
Technology: Mining engineering. Metallurgy1
Science: Geology: Petrology1
Science: Geology: Mineralogy1
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology: Consciousness. Cognition1
Technology: Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics1
Fine Arts: Visual arts1
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Mathematical geography. Cartography1
Science: Astronomy: Geodesy1
History (General) and history of Europe: History (General): Medieval history1
Science: Biology (General): Reproduction1
Social Sciences: Commerce: Commercial geography. Economic geography1
Social Sciences: Commerce1
General Works1
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Human ecology. Anthropogeography1
Social Sciences: Economic history and conditions1
History (General) and history of Europe1
Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Management. Industrial management: Organizational behaviour, change and effectiveness. Corporate culture1
The category Social Sciences 1,638 is the most commonly referenced area in studies that cite this article. The first research to cite this article was titled Coming to Terms with Motivation Constructs and was published in 2000. The most recent citation comes from a 2026 study titled Changements de pratiques sportives, motivations et affects durant le premier confinement en France. This article reached its peak citation in 2022, with 796 citations. It has been cited in 2,594 different journals, 15% of which are open access. Among related journals, the Frontiers in Psychology cited this research the most, with 198 citations. The chart below illustrates the annual citation trends for this article.
Citations used this article by year