Immortal Time Bias in Observational Studies

Article Properties
  • Language
    English
  • DOI (url)
    10.1001/jama.2020.9151
  • Publication Date
    2021/02/16
  • Journal
    JAMA
  • Indian UGC (journal)
  • Refrences
    4
  • Citations
    159
  • Kabir Yadav Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CaliforniaThe Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CaliforniaDavid Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles
  • Roger J. Lewis Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CaliforniaThe Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CaliforniaDavid Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los AngelesBerry Consultants LLC, Austin, Texas
Cite
Yadav, Kabir, and Roger J. Lewis. “Immortal Time Bias in Observational Studies”. JAMA, vol. 325, no. 7, 2021, p. 686, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.9151.
Yadav, K., & Lewis, R. J. (2021). Immortal Time Bias in Observational Studies. JAMA, 325(7), 686. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.9151
Yadav, Kabir, and Roger J. Lewis. “Immortal Time Bias in Observational Studies”. JAMA 325, no. 7 (2021): 686. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.9151.
Yadav K, Lewis RJ. Immortal Time Bias in Observational Studies. JAMA. 2021;325(7):686.
Journal Categories
Medicine
Internal medicine
Medicine
Medicine (General)
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Refrences
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Immortal Time Bias in Pharmacoepidemiology American Journal of Epidemiology
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  • Medicine: Medicine (General)
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Specifying a target trial prevents immortal time bias and other self-inflicted injuries in observational analyses Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
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Problem of immortal time bias in cohort studies: example using statins for preventing progression of diabetes BMJ 774 2010
Refrences Analysis
Category Category Repetition
Medicine: Medicine (General): Medical technology1
Medicine: Internal medicine: Special situations and conditions: Industrial medicine. Industrial hygiene1
Medicine: Public aspects of medicine1
Medicine: Medicine (General)1
Social Sciences1
The category Medicine: Medicine (General): Medical technology 1 is the most frequently represented among the references in this article. It primarily includes studies from American Journal of Epidemiology and Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. The chart below illustrates the number of referenced publications per year.
Refrences used by this article by year
Citations
Title Journal Journal Categories Citations Publication Date
Prevalence, Morbidity, and Mortality of Men With Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy in the Million Veteran Program Cohort

 JAMA Network Open
  • Medicine
  • Medicine: Medicine (General)
  • Medicine: Internal medicine
  • Medicine: Medicine (General)
 2024
Lincosamide monotherapy treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in tropical Australia: a case series

 European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
  • Medicine: Internal medicine: Infectious and parasitic diseases
  • Science: Microbiology
 2024
Estimating the Prognostic Value of the NTRK Fusion Biomarker for Comparative Effectiveness Research in The Netherlands Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy
  • Science: Biology (General): Genetics
  • Medicine: Therapeutics. Pharmacology
  • Science: Biology (General): Genetics
  • Medicine: Public aspects of medicine: Toxicology. Poisons
 2024
Digestive System Diseases, Genetic Risk, and Incident Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine
  • Medicine: Internal medicine: Special situations and conditions: Industrial medicine. Industrial hygiene
  • Medicine: Medicine (General)
  • Medicine: Public aspects of medicine
  • Medicine: Public aspects of medicine
  • Social Sciences
 2024
The association of benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine-related drugs with outcomes after surgery for colorectal cancer Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
  • Medicine: Medicine (General)
  • Medicine: Therapeutics. Pharmacology
  • Medicine: Public aspects of medicine: Toxicology. Poisons
 2024
Citations Analysis
Category Category Repetition
Medicine: Medicine (General)104
Medicine: Internal medicine: Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens27
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system19
Medicine16
Medicine: Internal medicine13
Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry12
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Immunologic diseases. Allergy12
Medicine: Medicine (General): Medical technology11
Medicine: Public aspects of medicine11
Medicine: Surgery11
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs9
Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system9
Medicine: Internal medicine: Special situations and conditions: Industrial medicine. Industrial hygiene9
Medicine: Internal medicine: Infectious and parasitic diseases9
Science: Microbiology9
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the respiratory system8
Medicine: Therapeutics. Pharmacology8
Medicine: Public aspects of medicine: Toxicology. Poisons7
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology6
Social Sciences6
Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system: Psychiatry5
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology4
Medicine: Gynecology and obstetrics4
Medicine: Internal medicine: Special situations and conditions: Geriatrics4
Medicine: Surgery: Orthopedic surgery4
Medicine: Internal medicine: Special situations and conditions: Sports medicine4
Science: Biology (General)3
Science: Biology (General): Genetics3
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology3
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases3
Medicine: Medicine (General): Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics3
Science: Biology (General): Cytology2
Medicine: Pediatrics2
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system2
Science2
Science: Science (General)2
Science: Chemistry: Organic chemistry: Biochemistry2
Technology: Home economics: Nutrition. Foods and food supply2
Science: Mathematics: Instruments and machines: Electronic computers. Computer science2
Medicine: Internal medicine: Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid2
Medicine: Internal medicine: Special situations and conditions2
Medicine: Pharmacy and materia medica2
Social Sciences: Economic theory. Demography: Economics as a science1
Medicine: Ophthalmology1
Technology: Chemical technology: Biotechnology1
Technology: Chemical technology: Food processing and manufacture1
Agriculture1
Agriculture: Agriculture (General)1
Science: Science (General): Cybernetics: Information theory1
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources1
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources: Information resources (General)1
Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine1
Medicine: Medicine (General): Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine1
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Recreation. Leisure: Sports1
Medicine: Other systems of medicine1
Science: Mathematics: Probabilities. Mathematical statistics1
Science: Mathematics1
The category Medicine: Medicine (General) 104 is the most commonly referenced area in studies that cite this article. The first research to cite this article was titled Analysis ofCYP2C19genetic variants with ischaemic events in UK patients prescribed clopidogrel in primary care: a retrospective cohort study and was published in 2021. The most recent citation comes from a 2024 study titled Development of a risk prediction model for subsequent infection after colonization with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales: a retrospective cohort study. This article reached its peak citation in 2023, with 74 citations. It has been cited in 136 different journals, 26% of which are open access. Among related journals, the Cancers cited this research the most, with 5 citations. The chart below illustrates the annual citation trends for this article.
Citations used this article by year