Offices are open systems

Article Properties
Abstract
Cite
Hewitt, Carl. “Offices Are Open Systems”. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, vol. 4, no. 3, 1986, pp. 271-87, https://doi.org/10.1145/214427.214432.
Hewitt, C. (1986). Offices are open systems. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 4(3), 271-287. https://doi.org/10.1145/214427.214432
Hewitt C. Offices are open systems. ACM Transactions on Information Systems. 1986;4(3):271-87.
Journal Categories
Science
Mathematics
Instruments and machines
Electronic computers
Computer science
Science
Science (General)
Cybernetics
Information theory
Technology
Electrical engineering
Electronics
Nuclear engineering
Telecommunication
Technology
Technology (General)
Industrial engineering
Management engineering
Information technology
Description

How can offices be understood and optimized as dynamic information-processing entities? This prescriptive paper advocates for viewing offices as open systems, emphasizing the crucial role of "due process" in organizational information flow and decision-making. The central premise is that computer systems are playing an important role in mediating the ongoing activities of organizations. The study highlights the beginning of Computer systems to play important roles in mediating the ongoing activities of organizations. We expect that these roles will gradually increase in importance as computer systems take on more of the authority and responsibility for ongoing activities. This perspective anticipates the increasing integration of computer systems into organizational structures, suggesting that these systems will progressively embody the characteristics and structure of human organizations. It points to the future where systems can acquire more of the characteristics and structure of human organizations.

This article's focus on information processing within organizational structures aligns well with ACM Transactions on Information Systems, which covers research on the design, development, and evaluation of information systems. By framing offices as open systems and emphasizing the role of due process, the paper contributes to the journal's discourse on the theoretical foundations and practical applications of information systems in organizational settings.

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Citations
Citations Analysis
The first research to cite this article was titled The Structure of Sociotechnical Engineering — A Review of the New Sociology of Technology and was published in 1987. The most recent citation comes from a 2024 study titled The Structure of Sociotechnical Engineering — A Review of the New Sociology of Technology . This article reached its peak citation in 1991 , with 11 citations.It has been cited in 69 different journals, 7% of which are open access. Among related journals, the ACM SIGOIS Bulletin cited this research the most, with 9 citations. The chart below illustrates the annual citation trends for this article.
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