Is that headache a sign of something more serious? This paper examines posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRES), a newly recognized brain disorder primarily affecting cerebral white matter, characterized by oedematous lesions predominantly in posterior parietal and occipital lobes. This condition can rapidly evolve, presenting with headache, nausea, seizures, visual disturbances, and altered sensorium. PRES is often associated with abrupt blood pressure increases and is commonly observed in patients with eclampsia, renal disease, or hypertensive encephalopathy. It can also arise in patients treated with cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the most effective method for visualizing PRES lesions, revealing characteristic diffuse hyperintensity in parieto-occipital white matter on T2-weighted images. Early diagnosis of PRES is critical, as prompt blood pressure control or immunosuppressant withdrawal can reverse the syndrome, while delayed intervention may lead to permanent brain damage. Computed tomography can also detect hypodense lesions. This review underscores the importance of recognizing PRES to prevent irreversible neurological damage. Further research could investigate the long-term outcomes of PRES and optimize treatment strategies for different underlying causes. Key terms include **brain disorder**, **neurological condition**, and **magnetic resonance**.
As a review article on a neurological syndrome, this paper fits within the Postgraduate Medical Journal's scope of providing clinically relevant information for medical professionals. By summarizing the key features, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies for PRES, the paper contributes to the journal's goal of enhancing medical knowledge and improving patient care.