How do transcription factors of the NFAT family regulate the immune response? This review provides an in-depth examination of NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) proteins, key targets for immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporin A and FK506. NFAT proteins are expressed in most immune-system cells, playing a critical role in cytokine gene transcription and other genes essential for the immune response. The activity of NFAT proteins is tightly controlled by the calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin regulates the translocation of NFAT proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of activated cells. NFAT proteins also exhibit cooperative binding with AP-1 (Fos/Jun) family transcription factors, regulating the expression of inducible genes. This review synthesizes recent data on the diversity, regulation, and function of NFAT transcription factors. The information is vital for understanding immune responses and developing targeted therapies for immune-related disorders.
As a review published in the Annual Review of Immunology, this article offers a comprehensive overview of the NFAT family of transcription factors. Consistent with the journal’s purpose, it synthesizes existing research, providing a valuable resource for immunologists.