How can we accurately measure the total impact of heavy metals on human health? This paper presents the principles of analytical methods, environmental monitoring, biological monitoring and direct human exposure assessment of lead and cadmium. It illustrates each research area, by giving the results obtained from studies carried out in the Croatian region and performed within the Institute of Medical Research and Occupational Health in Zagreb. The study also presents the results obtained for lead and cadmium in non‐polluted rural, urban and polluted industrial areas. Considers two main environmental media ‐ air and food ‐ when evaluating human exposure, intake and absorption of lead and cadmium. By providing a comprehensive framework for assessing human exposure to lead and cadmium, this research can inform public health initiatives aimed at reducing exposure and protecting vulnerable populations. The comparison to European and global data offers valuable context for understanding the scope of this environmental health challenge.